- Voiced uvular fricative
The voiced uvular fricative is a type of
consonant al sound, used in some spokenlanguage s. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is IPA|ʁ, and the equivalentX-SAMPA symbol is R. This consonant is one of several collectively calledguttural R when found in European languages.Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular
approximant , the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, IPA| [ʁ̝] . (The approximant can be specified by adding the downtack, IPA| [ʁ̞] .)Features
Features of the voiced uvular fricative:
* Its
manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence .
* Itsplace of articulation is uvular which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) against or near thepalatine uvula .
* Itsphonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
* It is anoral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is acentral consonant , which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* Theairstream mechanism ispulmonic egressive , which means it is articulated by pushing air out of thelung s and through the vocal tract, rather than from theglottis or the mouth.Occurrence
In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern Frenchfact|date=February 2008 to several dialects and registers of Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish. However, not all of these remain a uvular trill today. In Danish, the "r" is a
pharyngeal approximant in all but the most conservative speech. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually avoiceless velar fricative IPA| [x] ,voiceless uvular fricative IPA| [χ] , or avoiceless glottal fricative IPA| [h] . Because such uvular rhotics don't often contrast with alveolar ones,may often be used to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R .ee also
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List of phonetics topics References
Bibliography
* Harvard reference
last=Cruz-Ferreira
first=Madalena
year= 1995
title=European Portuguese
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=25
issue=2
pages=90-94
*Harvard reference
last=Wiese
first=Richard
year=1996
title=Phonology of German
publisher=Oxford University Press
ISBN=0-19-824040-6
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