List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty

List of Emperors of the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty ruled China from 1368 to 1644, succeeding the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and falling amidst much peasant turmoil to the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Sixteen emperors ruled over the whole of China spanning 276 years. A series of claimants to the Ming throne continued to claim the throne of what was known as the Southern Ming until the last was executed in 1662.

Emperors of the Ming Dynasty

Personal NamePosthumous name1
(short form)
Temple name1Reign nameReign yearsName by which
most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng
朱元璋
Gāodì
高帝
Tàizǔ
太祖
Hóngwǔ
洪武
1368-1398Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén
朱允炆
Huìdì
惠帝
"None given"²Jiànwén
建文
1398-1402Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì
朱棣
Wēndì
文帝
Chéngzǔ, 成祖 "or"
Tàizōng, 太宗
Yǒnglè
永樂
1402-1424Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì
朱高熾
Zhāodì
昭帝
Rénzōng
仁宗
Hóngxī
洪熙
1424-1425Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī
朱瞻基
Zhāngdì
章帝
Xuānzōng
宣宗
Xuāndé
宣德
1425-1435Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn
朱祁鎮
Ruìdì
睿帝
Yīngzōng
英宗
Zhèngtǒng, 正統
1436-1449;
Tiānshùn, 天順
1457-1464
1435-1449;
1457-1464³
Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù
朱祁鈺
Jǐngdì
景帝
Dàizōng
代宗
Jǐngtài
景泰
1449-1457Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn
朱見深
Chúndì
純帝
Xiànzōng
憲宗
Chénghuà
成化
1464-1487Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng
朱祐樘
Jìngdì
敬帝
Xiàozōng
孝宗
Hóngzhì
弘治
1487-1505Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào
朱厚照
Yìdì
毅帝
Wǔzōng
武宗
Zhèngdé
正德
1505-1521Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng
朱厚熜
Sùdì
肅帝
Shìzōng
世宗
Jiājìng
嘉靖
1521-1566Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu
朱載垕
Zhuāngdì
莊帝
Mùzōng
穆宗
Lóngqìng
隆慶
1566-1572Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn
朱翊鈞
Xiǎndì
顯帝
Shénzōng
神宗
Wànlì
萬曆
1572-1620Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò
朱常洛
Zhēndì
貞帝
Guāngzōng
光宗
Tàichāng
泰昌
1620Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào
朱由校
Zhédì
悊帝
Xīzōng
熹宗
Tiānqǐ
天啟
1620-1627Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn
朱由檢
Zhuānglièmǐn
莊烈愍
Sīzōng
思宗
Chóngzhēn
崇禎
1627-1644Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who died in a palace fire. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.


Emperors of the Southern Ming Dynasty

Personal NameTemple nameReign nameReign yearsName by which
most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng
朱由崧
Ānzōng
安宗
Hóngguāng
弘光
1644-1645 Prince of Fu
福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn
朱聿鍵
Shàozōng
紹宗
Lóngwǔ
隆武
1645-1646 Prince of Tang
唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng
朱常淓
"None given""None given,
but sometimes referred to as the"
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh)
潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó
1645 Prince of Lu (Luh*)
潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi
朱以海
"None given""None given,
but sometimes referred to as the"
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou)
魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó
1645-1653 Prince of Lu (Lou*)
魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè
朱聿 [金粵]
"None given"Shàowǔ
紹武
1646 Prince of Tang
唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng
朱由榔
昭宗Yǒnglì
永曆
1646-1662Prince of Gui
桂王 Guì Wáng

* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as "Lu" and the other spelled differently. Luh is from "Cambridge History of China"; Lou is from A.C. Moule's "Rulers of China" (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

ee also

* Dynasties in Chinese history
* Table of Chinese monarchs


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