Anti-Saloon League

Anti-Saloon League

The Anti-Saloon League was the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was a key component of the Progressive Era, and was strongest in the South and rural North, drawing heavy support from pietistic Protestant ministers and their congregations, especially Methodists, Baptists, Disciples and Congregationalists.[1] It concentrated on legislation, and cared about how legislators voted, not whether they drank or not. Founded as a state society in Oberlin, Ohio in 1893, its influence spread rapidly. In 1895 it became a national organization and quickly rose to become the most powerful prohibition lobby in America, pushing aside its older competitors the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party. Its triumph was nationwide prohibition locked into the Constitution with passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920. It was decisively defeated when prohibition was repealed in 1933.

Contents

Organizational structure and operation

The League was the first modern pressure group organized around one issue. Unlike earlier popular movements, it utilized bureaucratic methods learned from business to build a strong organization.[2] The League's founder and first leader, Howard Hyde Russell (1855–1946), believed that the best leadership was selected, not elected. Russell built from the bottom up, shaping local leagues and raising the most promising young men to leadership at the local and state levels. This organizational strategy reinvigorated the temperance movement.[3]

The League used a multitiered approach in its attempts to secure a dry (prohibition) nation through national legislation and congressional hearings, the Scientific Temperance Federation, and its American Issue Publishing Company. The League also used emotion based on patriotism, efficiency and anti-German sentiment in World War I. The activists saw themselves as preachers fulfilling their religious duty of eliminating liquor in America.[4] Lamme (2003) explores the public relations approach used by the League as it tried to mobilize public opinion in favor of a dry, saloonless nation. It invented many of the modern techniques of public relations.[5]

The League lobbied at all levels of government for legislation to prohibit the manufacture or import of spirits, beer and wine. Ministers had launched several efforts to close Arizona saloons after the 1906 creation of League chapters in Yuma, Tucson, and Phoenix. A League organizer from New York arrived in 1909, but the Phoenix chapter was stymied by local-option elections, whereby local areas could decide whether to allow saloons. League members pressured local police to take licenses from establishments that violated closing hours or served women and minors, and they provided witnesses to testify about these violations. One witness was Frank Shindelbower, a juvenile from a poor family, who testified several saloons had sold him liquor; as a result those saloons lost their licenses. However owners discovered that Shindelbower had perjured himself, and he was imprisoned. After the Arizona Gazette and other newspapers pictured Shindelbower as the innocent tool of the Anti-Saloon League, he was pardoned.[6]

As the state level the League had mixed results, usually doing best in rural and southern states. It made little headway in larger cities, or among liturgical church members such as Catholics, Jews, Episcopalians and German Lutherans. Pegram (1990) explains its success in Illinois under William Hamilton Anderson. From 1900 and 1905 the League worked to obtain a local option referendum law and became an official church federation. Local Option was passed in 1907 and by 1910 40 of Illinois' 102 counties and 1,059 of the state's townships and precincts had become dry, including some Protestant areas around Chicago. Despite these successes, after the Prohibition amendment was ratified in 1919, social problems such as organized crime ignored by the League undermined the public influence of the single-issue pressure group, and it faded in importance.[7] Pegram (1997) uses its failure in Maryland to explore the relationship between Southern Progressivism and national progressivism. The Maryland leader 1907-14 was William H. Anderson, but he was unable to adapt to local conditions, such as the large German element. The League failed to ally with local political bosses and attacked the Democratic Party. In Maryland, as in the rest of the South, Pegram concludes, traditional religious, political, and racial concerns constrained reform movements even as they converted Southerners to the new national politics of federal intervention and interest-group competition.[8]

In 1909, the League moved its national headquarters from Washington, D.C. to Westerville, Ohio, which had a reputation for temperance. The American Issue Publishing Company, the publishing arm of the League, was also in Westerville. Ernest Cherrington headed the company. It printed so many leaflets—over 40 tons of mail per month—that Westerville was the smallest town to have a first class post office.

The League's most prominent leader was Wayne Wheeler, although both Ernest Cherrington and William E. Johnson ("Pussyfoot" Johnson), were also highly influential and powerful.

The League used pressure politics in legislative politics, which it is credited with developing.[9] When it came to fighting wet candidates, especially as Al Smith in the presidential election of 1928, the League was less effective because its audience was already Republican. Unable to cope with the failures of prohibition, especially bootlegging and organized crime as well as reduced government revenue, the League failed to counter the repeal forces, led by prominent Democrats, which helped Franklin D. Roosevelt win in 1932. A new Constitutional amendment passed easily in 1933 to repeal the 18th amendment, and the League lost its power. From 1948 until 1950 it was named the Temperance League, from 1950 to 1964 the National Temperance League, from 1964 the American Council on Alcohol Problems.[10] Today the organization continues its original goal. A museum about the League is at the Westerville Public Library.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ John Rumbarger, Profits, power, and prohibition: alcohol reform and the industrializing of America, 1800-1930 (1989)
  2. ^ Peter H. Odegard, Pressure Politics: Story of the Anti-Saloon League (1928)
  3. ^ K. Austin Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League (1985)
  4. ^ Margot Opdycke Lamme, "Tapping into War: Leveraging World War I in the Drive for a Dry Nation," American Journalism 2004 21(4): 63-91. Issn: 0882-1127
  5. ^ Lamme (2003)
  6. ^ H. David Ware, "The Anti-Saloon League Wages War in Phoenix, 1910: the Unlikely Case of Frank Shindelbower." Journal of Arizona History 1998 39(2): 141-154. Issn: 0021-9053
  7. ^ Thomas R. Pegram, "The Dry Machine: the Formation of the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois," Illinois Historical Journal 1990 83(3): 173-186. Issn: 0748-8149
  8. ^ Thomas R. Pegram, "Temperance Politics and Regional Political Culture: the Anti-saloon League in Maryland and the South, 1907-1915," Journal of Southern History 1997 63(1): 57-90. in JSTOR
  9. ^ K. Austin Kerr, "Organizing for Reform: The Anti-Saloon League and Innovation in Politics." American Quarterly 1980 32(1): 37-53 in JSTOR
  10. ^ Kerr, Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League

Bibliography

  • Anti-Saloon League of America. Anti-Saloon League of America Yearbook. annual to 1933
  • Cherrington, Ernest (1913). History of the Anti-Saloon League. American Issue Pub. Co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=l9sXAAAAYAAJ. 
  • Clark, Norman H. Deliver Us from Evil: An Interpretation of American Prohibition (Norton, 1976), a favorable history online edition
  • Donovan, Brian L. "Framing and Strategy: Explaining Differential Longevity in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League." Sociological Inquiry 1995 65(2): 143-155. Issn: 0038-0245 Fulltext: in Swetswise
  • Ewin, James Lithgow. The Birth of the Anti-Saloon League. Washington, D.C., 1913
  • Hamm, Richard F. Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880-1920 (1995)
  • Kerr, K. Austin. "Organizing for Reform: The Anti-Saloon League and Innovation in Politics." American Quarterly 1980 32(1): 37-53. Issn: 0003-0678 Fulltext: in Jstor
  • Kerr, K. Austin. Organized for Prohibition: A New History of the Anti-Saloon League. Yale University Press, 1985, the standard history
  • Lamme, Margot Opdycke. "The 'Public Sentiment Building Society': the Anti-saloon League of America, 1895-1910." Journalism History 2003 29(3): 123-132. Issn: 0094-7679 Fulltext: in Ebsco
  • Lamme, Margot Opdycke. "Tapping into War: Leveraging World War I in the Drive for a Dry Nation." American Journalism 2004 21(4): 63-91. Issn: 0882-1127
  • Lerner, Michael A. Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City (Harvard University Press; 2007) 352pp.
  • Odegard, Peter (1928). Pressure politics: the story of the Anti-saloon league. Columbia University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHnaAAAAMAAJ. 
  • Pegram, Thomas R. "Temperance Politics and Regional Political Culture: the Anti-Saloon League in Maryland and the South, 1907-1915." Journal of Southern History 1997 63(1): 57-90. in JSTOR
  • Pegram, Thomas R. "The Dry Machine: the Formation of the Anti-Saloon League of Illinois." Illinois Historical Journal 1990 83(3): 173-186. Issn: 0748-8149
  • Rumbarger, John (1989). Profits, power, and prohibition: alcohol reform and the industrializing of America, 1800-1930. SUNY Press. ISBN 0887067824. http://books.google.com/books?id=vI5GYDT7bZ8C. 
  • Sponholtz, Lloyd. "The Politics of Temperance in Ohio, 1880-1912." Ohio History 1976 85(1): 4-27. Issn: 0030-0934 online edition
  • Szymanski, Ann-Marie E. Pathways to Prohibition: Radicals, Moderates, and Social Movement Outcomes. 2003.
  • Ware, H. David. :The Anti-Saloon League Wages War in Phoenix, 1910: the Unlikely Case of Frank Shindelbower." Journal of Arizona History 1998 39(2): 141-154. Issn: 0021-9053

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Anti-Saloon League — ▪ American political organization       the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century. It was founded as a state society in Ohio in 1893, but its influence spread rapidly, and in 1895 it became a …   Universalium

  • New York Anti-Saloon League — The New York Anti Saloon League was an American organization that worked toward the prohibition of alcohol and the closing of saloons. Located at 156 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, it was an offshoot of the Ohio based Anti Saloon League. Adna W.… …   Wikipedia

  • Anti-Saloon League of America — /an tee seuh loohn , an tuy / a national organization, founded in 1893 in Ohio, advocating the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. * * * …   Universalium

  • Anti-Saloon League of America — /an tee seuh loohn , an tuy / a national organization, founded in 1893 in Ohio, advocating the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages …   Useful english dictionary

  • World League Against Alcoholism — The World League Against Alcoholism was organized by the Anti Saloon League, whose goal became establishing prohibition not only in the United States but throughout the entire world. As ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment creating… …   Wikipedia

  • Western saloon — Judge Roy Bean’s Saloon in Langtry, Texas Seth Kinman s bar in 1889 in …   Wikipedia

  • William Hamilton Anderson — (1874 c1959) was the superintendent of the New York Anti Saloon League. He worked toward the prohibition of alcohol and the closing of saloons. In 1924 a jury convicted him of skimming contributions to the league. BiographyHe was born in… …   Wikipedia

  • Wayne Wheeler — Wayne Bidwell Wheeler (November 10, 1869 – September 5, 1927) was an American attorney and prohibitionist.Wheeler was born at Brookfield, Ohio to Mary Ursula Hutchinson and Joseph Wheeler. [ [http://www.wargs.com/other/wheeler.html Ancestry of… …   Wikipedia

  • Temperance movement — The Temperance Movement attempted to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed within a community or society in general and even to prohibit its production and consumption entirely. The Woman s Christian Temperance Union is a prominent example of a… …   Wikipedia

  • Joseph Pomeroy Widney — (December 26, 1841 mdash; July 4, 1938) was a polymathic pioneer American physician, medical topographer, scholar educator, clergyman, entrepreneur philanthropist, proto environmentalist, prohibitionist, philosopher of religion, controversial… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”