Meir Tobianski

Meir Tobianski

Beit-Ha'Kshatot ("House of the Arches") in Harel, Israel where Meir Tobianski was executed (1948)

Meir Tobianski (Hebrew: מאיר טוביאנסקי‎) also Tubianski (May 20, 1904, Kovno – June 30, 1948) was an officer in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) who was executed as a traitor on circumstantial evidence on the orders of Isser Be'eri, the first director of the IDF's intelligence branch. A year after the execution, Tobianski was exonerated of all charges.

Tobianski was a major in the British army during the Second World War, then a captain in the Haganah, and was later sworn in to the IDF on 28 June 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.^[1] He was also the former commander of Camp Schneller, a military base in Jerusalem.^[2] In June 1948 Tobianski had been transferred to command of Jerusalem airstrips.^[3] He was an employee of the British-run Jerusalem Electric Corporation. Suspected of passing information of targets for Jordanian artillery, he was taken into custody and sentenced to death by firing squad in a drumhead court-martial.

Spy fever

During the siege of Jerusalem, the reports and fears of spies abounded. Lehi alone had executed 4 "spies" in Jerusalem including Vera Ducas, a 36-year-old female Austrian Jew who was shot on 29 March.^[4] In June, there was a report that "nine Jewish girls are being held by the Army under suspicion of contacts with the enemy."^[5] The apparent accuracy of Jordanian shelling of strategic targets led to suspicions that a spy was responsible. Those suspicions were focused on the Jerusalem Electric Corporation.

On 8 July 1948, the Irgun kidnapped five British officials of the Jerusalem Electric Corporation.^[6] One of the men was Michael Bryant, to whom Tobianski had been accused of passing information. A month later, they were transferred to the Israeli authorities and on 12 August brought to trial. Three, including Bryant, were released due to lack of evidence.^[7] The remaining two men, George Hawkins and Fredrick Sylvester, faced a second trial on 16 September. Hawkins, who was charged with passing information to the Arabs, was released on 30 September. Sylvester, who was married to a Palestinian Jew and had been a member of the Palestine Police, was charged with espionage and complicity in the Ben Yehuda Street bombing. On 6 October, he was found guilty of three charges of espionage and sentenced to seven years in prison. The verdict rested on his possession of a radio with which he had been communicating with the British Consul in the Old City.^[8]

Trial and execution

The school building

During the War of Independence, Tobianski worked for the Jerusalem Electric Corporation and had knowledge of the exact location of several arms manufacturers in Jerusalem. These factories had received direct hits from Jordanian artillery.^[9]

After arriving at Tel Aviv on 30 June 1948, Tobianski was taken into custody by Shmuel Granizi in the Carmel market. Contrary to the Chief Military Persecutor's order to arrest and interrogate Tobianski for 10 days,^[2] Tobianski was driven from Tel Aviv to Hulda and then onto a deserted school building between the former Arab villages of Bayt Susin and Bayt Jiz, where he was subject to a drumhead court-martial.^[9] During the court martial, Tobianski was interrogated by Isser Be'eri, David Kron, Binyamin Gibli and Avraham Kidron.^[9] He admitted to showing a list of the consumers to Michael Bryant, British manager of the Jewish section of the Jerusalem Electric Corporation, although the list 'vanished'.^[9]

Be'eri, who was late for the trial, had already prepared a firing squad of six soldiers from the Palmach Yiftach Brigade, which was in control of the Jerusalem corridor zone.

Tobianski was found guilty and executed in Bayt Jiz, where his body was buried. He had received neither a lawyer nor the right to appeal, and his case was not reviewed by a higher court.^[9] The execution led directly to the ascension of Isser Harel, the man most responsible for forming the Israeli Mossad.

Investigation and acquittal

Several months later, an Israeli Arab by the name of Ali Qasim, who had spied for the Israeli intelligence, was found dead in a forest near Haifa. Be'eri was suspected of ordering his execution, on suspicion of being a double agent. Be'eri admitted to the charges in court and was dismissed from his lucrative post in the Israel Defense Forces. Due to the efforts of Tobianski's wife, the Military Advocate General ordered Tobianski's case to be attached to this investigation, led by the Military Advocate General Aharon Hoter-Yishai; Tobianski was exonerated by the inquiry.^[10][11]

Among the interrogated was Avraham Gorali, the chief military prosecutor at the time, who claimed that the execution was done without his knowledge. However, the chief military police officer, Danny Magen, stated that Gorali contacted him by phone one day before the execution and asked about the possibility of the Military Police Corps carrying out the punishment, which Magen refused. Gorali admitted to such a call, but the investigation's report stated that this was likely an attempt to assess the possibility of carrying out a death sentence in the IDF, and did not imply knowledge of the outcome of the trial.^[12]

On 1 July 1949, a year after the trial, a note was sent to Tobianski's wife, informing her of the acquittal, and the posthumous reinstatement of rank to Tobianski. On 5 July, Ben-Gurion issued a public exoneration of Tobianski and on 7 July, his body was reburied in a military ceremony in the IDF's burial grounds on Mount Herzl.^[13] Ben Gurion excused Be'eri's actions..."perhaps because the underground laws were still dominant in the army".^[14] Nathan Alterman wrote a poem commemorating Tobianski and his trial.

Be'eri's trial

Isser Be'eri was tried and found guilty of manslaughter. The court found that, as there was a ceasefire in effect at the time, any information supposedly passed by Tobianski could not have served the Jordanian artillery.^[14] Be'eri received only one day of prison time due to his extensive service to the country. Even though pardoned on the same day by the president, Chaim Weizmann, Be'eri left the trial a broken man, and ensconced himself in his home until his fatal heart attack in January 1958. The other three interrogators and makeshift judges who tried Tobianski were not tried in court, and reached high military and civilian positions. In his book, David Kron wrote that despite the official investigation, he was convinced that Tobianski had been guilty and that Be'eri had the full authority to act the way he had. Meanwhile, Shabtai Teveth found that the fault lay with Gibli's overbearing ambitions and manipulation, personal traits that led to the Lavon affair. ^[15]

Footnotes

1. ^ Shabtai Teveth (1996), Ben Gurion's Spy, Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-10464-2 p. 17
2. ^ ^{a b} Inbar, Zvi (1982). "The Killing of Meir Tobianski". IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia. Volume 16. Revivim Publishing. p. 173.  (Hebrew)
3. ^ Nachman Ben-Yehuda (1992), Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice, ISBN 0791411656 pp. 263–264.
4. ^ Eric Dowton, The Scotsman, 29 March 1948
5. ^ Levin, Harry. "Jerusalem Embattled. A diary of the city under siege." Cassel, 1997. ISBN 0 304 33765. Page 230. Entry 5 June 1948. One rumoured to be Abdul Kader Husseini's lover.
6. ^ The Scotsman, 8,9 July 1948.
7. ^ The Scotsman, 12 August 1948
8. ^ The Scotsman, 17, 19 August, 16, 30 September, 9 October 1948.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} Shabtai Teveth (1996), Ben Gurion's Spy, Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-10464-2 pp. 17–30
10. ^ Inbar, Zvi (1982). "A Tragic Mistake". IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia. Volume 16. Revivim Publishing. p. 174.  (Hebrew)
11. ^ Shabtai Teveth (1996) Ben Gurion's Spy Columbia University Press ISBN 0-231-10464-2 pp 31 54
12. ^ Inbar, Zvi (1982). "Tobianski's Trial - Military Police Commander's Testimony". IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia. Volume 16. Revivim Publishing. p. 173.  (Hebrew)
13. ^ Teveth, Page xx.
14. ^ ^{a b} Nachman Ben-Yehuda (1992), Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice, ISBN 0791411656, p. 266
15. ^ Shabtai Teveth (1996), Ben Gurion's Spy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10464-2 p. 268

Bibliography

• Nachman Ben-Yehuda (1992) Political Assassinations by Jews: A Rhetorical Device for Justice, ISBN 0791411656
• Shabtai Teveth (1996) Ben Gurion's Spy, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10464-2
• Inbar, Zvi (1982). "A Tragic Mistake". IDF in Its Corps: Army and Security Encyclopedia. Volume 16. Revivim Publishing. p. 174.  (Hebrew)

Further reading

• Google Books Uri Bar-Joseph Intelligence Intervention in the Politics of Democratic States: The United States Israel and Britain... Penn State Press, ISBN 0271025751
• Dennis Eisenberg, Eli Landau, Dan Uri (1979-10-01). The Mossad: 2. Signet. ISBN 0451158989. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0451158989.  by Dennis Eisenberg, Uri Dan, and Eli Landau, Copyright Oct. 1, 1979.

Persondata
Name	Tobianski, Meir
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	20 May 1904
Place of birth
Date of death	30 June 1948
Place of death