Convex regular 4-polytope

Convex regular 4-polytope
The tesseract is one of 6 convex regular 4-polytopes

In mathematics, a convex regular 4-polytope is a 4-dimensional polytope that is both regular and convex. These are the four-dimensional analogs of the Platonic solids (in three dimensions) and the regular polygons (in two dimensions).

These polytopes were first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century. Schläfli discovered that there are precisely six such figures. Five of these may be thought of as higher dimensional analogs of the Platonic solids. There is one additional figure (the 24-cell) which has no three-dimensional equivalent.

Each convex regular 4-polytope is bounded by a set of 3-dimensional cells which are all Platonic solids of the same type and size. These are fitted together along their respective faces in a regular fashion.

Contents

Properties

The following tables lists some properties of the six convex regular 4-dimensional polytopes. The symmetry groups of these polytopes are all Coxeter groups and given in the notation described in that article. The number following the name of the group is the order of the group.

Names Family Schläfli
symbol
Vertices Edges Faces Cells Vertex figures Dual polytope Symmetry group
5-cell
pentatope
hyperpyramid
hypertetrahedron
4-simplex
simplex
(n-simplex)
{3,3,3} 5 10 10
triangles
5
tetrahedra
tetrahedra (self-dual) A4 120
8-cell
Tesseract
hypercube
4-cube
hypercube
(n-cube)
{4,3,3} 16 32 24
squares
8
cubes
tetrahedra 16-cell B4 384
16-cell
orthoplex
hyperoctahedron
4-orthoplex
cross-polytope
(n-orthoplex)
{3,3,4} 8 24 32
triangles
16
tetrahedra
octahedra tesseract B4 384
24-cell
octaplex
polyoctahedron
{3,4,3} 24 96 96
triangles
24
octahedra
cubes (self-dual) F4 1152
120-cell
dodecaplex
hyperdodecahedron
polydodecahedron
{5,3,3} 600 1200 720
pentagons
120
dodecahedra
tetrahedra 600-cell H4 14400
600-cell
tetraplex
hypericosahedron
polytetrahedron
{3,3,5} 120 720 1200
triangles
600
tetrahedra
icosahedra 120-cell H4 14400

Since the boundaries of each of these figures is topologically equivalent to a 3-sphere, whose Euler characteristic is zero, we have the 4-dimensional analog of Euler's polyhedral formula:

N_0 - N_1 + N_2 - N_3 = 0\,

where Nk denotes the number of k-faces in the polytope (a vertex is a 0-face, an edge is a 1-face, etc.).

Visualizations

The following table shows some 2 dimensional projections of these polytopes. Various other visualizations can be found in the external links below. The Coxeter-Dynkin diagram graphs are also given below the Schläfli symbol.

5-cell 8-cell 16-cell 24-cell 120-cell 600-cell
{3,3,3} {4,3,3} {3,3,4} {3,4,3} {5,3,3} {3,3,5}
CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 5.pngCDel node.png
Wireframe orthographic projections inside Petrie polygons.
4-simplex t0.svg 4-cube t0.svg 4-cube t3.svg 24-cell t0 F4.svg 120-cell graph H4.svg 600-cell graph H4.svg
Solid orthographic projections
Tetrahedron.png
tetrahedral
envelope

(cell/vertex-centered)
Hexahedron.png
cubic envelope
(cell-centered)
16-cell ortho cell-centered.png
Cubic envelope
(cell-centered)
Ortho solid 24-cell.png
cuboctahedral
envelope

(cell-centered)
Ortho solid 120-cell.png
truncated rhombic
triacontahedron
envelope

(cell-centered)
Ortho solid 600-cell.png
Pentakis icosidodecahedral
envelope

(vertex-centered)
Wireframe Schlegel diagrams (Perspective projection)
Schlegel wireframe 5-cell.png
(Cell-centered)
Schlegel wireframe 8-cell.png
(Cell-centered)
Schlegel wireframe 16-cell.png
(Cell-centered)
Schlegel wireframe 24-cell.png
(Cell-centered)
Schlegel wireframe 120-cell.png
(Cell-centered)
Schlegel wireframe 600-cell vertex-centered.png
(Vertex-centered)
Wireframe stereographic projections (Hyperspherical)
Stereographic polytope 5cell.png Stereographic polytope 8cell.png Stereographic polytope 16cell.png Stereographic polytope 24cell.png Stereographic polytope 120cell.png Stereographic polytope 600cell.png

See also

References

  • H. S. M. Coxeter, Introduction to Geometry, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1969. ISBN 0-471-50458-0.
  • H. S. M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.
  • D. M. Y. Sommerville, An Introduction to the Geometry of n Dimensions. New York, E. P. Dutton, 1930. 196 pp. (Dover Publications edition, 1958) Chapter X: The Regular Polytopes

External links


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