Federal subjects of Russia

Federal subjects of Russia
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Russia is a federation which, since March 1, 2008, consists of 83 federal subjects (members of the Federation; Russian: субъект федерации, subyekt federatsii).[1] In 1993, when the Constitution was adopted, there were 89 federal subjects listed. By 2008 the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of mergers.

The federal subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal representation — two delegates each — in the Federation Council (upper house of the Federal Assembly). They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy.

Contents

Types

Federal subjects of Russia

Each federal subject belongs to one of the following types:

21 republics (Russian: республика, respublika) — nominally autonomous, each has its own constitution and legislature; is represented by the federal government in international affairs; is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority.
46 oblasts (provinces; Russian: область, oblast') — most common type of federal subjects with federally appointed governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centers.
krais (territories; Russian: край, kray)—essentially the same as oblasts. The title "territory" is historic, originally given because they were once considered frontier regions.
autonomous oblast (autonomous province; Russian: автономная область, avtonomnaya oblast')—the only autonomous oblast is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
autonomous okrugs (autonomous districts; Russian: автономный округ, avtonomny okrug) — with substantial or predominant ethnic minority.
federal cities (Russian: город федерального значения, gorod federal'nogo znacheniya) — major cities that function as separate regions.

List of federal subjects

Federal subjects of Russia (by number).png

The subjects have both numerical codes and two- or three-letter ISO 3166-2:RU codes. The numerical codes span from 01 to 92, although nine of them are no longer in use after mergers.

Code Name Capital/administrative centre
(Largest city given if not capital)
Flag Coat of arms Federal district Economic region Area (km²)[2] Population[3]
01 Adygea, Republic of Maykop Flag of Adygea.svg Adygeya - Coat of Arms.png Southern North Caucasus 7,600 447,109
02 Bashkortostan, Republic of Ufa Flag of Bashkortostan.svg Coat of Amrs of Bashkortostan.svg Volga Urals 143,600 4,104,336
03 Buryatia, Republic of Ulan-Ude Flag of Buryatia.svg Coat of Arms of Buryatiya.svg Siberian East Siberian 351,300 981,238
04 Altai Republic Gorno-Altaysk Flag of Altai Republic.svg Coat of Arms of Altai Republic.png Siberian West Siberian 92,600 202,947
05 Dagestan, Republic of Makhachkala Flag of Dagestan.svg Coat of Arms of Dagestan.svg North Caucasian North Caucasus 50,300 2,576,531
06 Ingushetia, Republic of Magas
(Largest city: Nazran)
Flag of Ingushetia.svg Coat of Arms of Ingushetia.svg North Caucasian North Caucasus 4,000 467,294
07 Kabardino-Balkar Republic Nalchik Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg Coat of Arms of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg North Caucasian North Caucasus 12,500 901,494
08 Kalmykia, Republic of Elista Flag of Kalmykia.svg Coat of Arms of Kalmykia.svg Southern Volga 76,100 292,410
09 Karachay-Cherkess Republic Cherkessk Flag of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg Coat of Arms of Karachay-Cherkessia.svg North Caucasian North Caucasus 14,100 439,470
10 Karelia, Republic of Petrozavodsk Flag of Karelia.svg Coat of Arms of Republic of Karelia.svg Northwestern Northern 172,400 716,281
11 Komi Republic Syktyvkar Flag of Komi.svg Coat of Arms of the Komi Republic.svg Northwestern Northern 415,900 1,018,674
12 Mari El Republic Yoshkar-Ola Flag of Mari El.svg Coat of Arms of Mari El.svg Volga Volga-Vyatka 23,200 727,979
13 Mordovia, Republic of Saransk Flag of Mordovia.svg Coat of Arms of Mordovia.svg Volga Volga-Vyatka 26,200 888,766
14 Sakha (Yakutia) Republic Yakutsk Flag of Sakha.svg Coat of Arms of Sakha (Yakutia).png Far Eastern Far Eastern 3,103,200 949,280
15 North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Vladikavkaz Flag of North Ossetia.svg Coat of Arms of North Ossetia-Alania.png North Caucasian North Caucasus 8,000 710,275
16 Tatarstan, Republic of Kazan Flag of Tatarstan.svg Coat of Arms of Tatarstan.svg Volga Volga 68,000 3,779,265
17 Tuva Republic Kyzyl Flag of Tuva.svg Coat of arms of Tuva.svg Siberian East Siberian 170,500 305,510
18 Udmurt Republic Izhevsk Flag of Udmurtia.svg Coat of arms of Udmurtia.svg Volga Urals 42,100 1,570,316
19 Khakassia, Republic of Abakan Flag of Khakassia.svg Coat of arms of Khakassia .svg Siberian East Siberian 61,900 546,072
20 Chechen Republic Grozny Flag of the Chechen Republic.svg Coat of arms of Chechnya.svg North Caucasian North Caucasus 15,300 1,103,686
21 Chuvash Republic Cheboksary Flag of Chuvashia.svg Coat of Arms of Chuvashia.svg Volga Volga-Vyatka 18,300 1,313,754
22 Altai Krai Barnaul Flag of Altai Krai.png Coat of Arms of Altai Krai.svg Siberian West Siberian 169,100 2,607,426
92 Zabaykalsky Krai Chita Flag of Zabaykalsky Krai.svg Chita Oblast coat of arms.jpg Siberian East Siberian 431,500 1,155,346
91 Kamchatka Krai Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Flag of Kamchatka Krai.svg Coat of Arms of Kamchatka Krai.svg Far Eastern Far Eastern 472,300 358,801
23 Krasnodar Krai Krasnodar Flag of Krasnodar Krai.png Coat of Arms of Krasnodar kray.png Southern North Caucasus 76,000 5,125,221
24 Krasnoyarsk Krai Krasnoyarsk KrasnoyarskKray-Flag.svg Coat of arms of Krasnoyarsk Krai.svg Siberian East Siberian 2,339,700 2,966,042
90 Perm Krai Perm Perm Oblast Flag.gif Coat of Arms of Perm.svg Volga Urals 160,600 2,819,421
25 Primorsky Krai Vladivostok Flag of Primorsky Krai.svg Coat of arms of Primorsky Krai.svg Far Eastern Far Eastern 165,900 2,071,210
26 Stavropol Krai Stavropol Flag of Stavropol Krai.png Coat of Arms of Stavropol kray.png North Caucasian North Caucasus 66,500 2,735,139
27 Khabarovsk Krai Khabarovsk Flag of Khabarovsk Krai.svg Coat of Arms of Khabarovsky kray (N2).png Far Eastern Far Eastern 788,600 1,436,570
28 Amur Oblast Blagoveshchensk Flag of Amur Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Amur oblast.png Far Eastern Far Eastern 363,700 902,844
29 Arkhangelsk Oblast Arkhangelsk Flag of Arkhangelsk Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Arkhangelsk oblast (2003).png Northwestern Northern 587,400 1,336,539
30 Astrakhan Oblast Astrakhan Flag of Astrakhan Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Astrakhan Oblast.png Southern Volga 44,100 1,005,276
31 Belgorod Oblast Belgorod Flag of Belgorod Oblast.png Герб Белгородской области.gif Central Central Black Earth 27,100 1,511,620
32 Bryansk Oblast Bryansk Flag of Bryansk Oblast.png Coat of arms of Bryansk Oblast.jpg Central Central 34,900 1,378,941
33 Vladimir Oblast Vladimir Flag of Vladimiri Oblast.gif Coat of arms of Vladimiri Oblast.png Central Central 29,000 1,523,990
34 Volgograd Oblast Volgograd Flag of Volgograd Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Volgograd oblast.png Southern Volga 113,900 2,699,223
35 Vologda Oblast Vologda
(Largest city: Cherepovets)
Flag of Vologda Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Vologda oblast.png Northwestern Northern 145,700 1,269,568
36 Voronezh Oblast Voronezh Flag of Voronezh Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Voronezh oblast (2005).png Central Central Black Earth 52,400 2,378,803
37 Ivanovo Oblast Ivanovo Flag of Ivanovo Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Ivanovo oblast.png Central Central 21,800 1,148,329
38 Irkutsk Oblast Irkutsk Flag of Irkutsk Oblast.png Coat of arms of Irkutsk Oblast.png Siberian East Siberian 767,900 2,581,705
39 Kaliningrad Oblast Kaliningrad Flag of Kaliningrad Oblast.png Kaliningrad Oblast Coat of Arms 2006.svg Northwestern Kaliningrad 15,100 955,281
40 Kaluga Oblast Kaluga Flag of Kaluga Oblast.png Gerb kalug obl.png Central Central 29,900 1,041,641
42 Kemerovo Oblast Kemerovo
(Largest city: Novokuznetsk)
Flag of Kemerovo oblast.gif Coat of arms of Kemerovo Oblast.png Siberian West Siberian 95,500 2,899,142
43 Kirov Oblast Kirov Kirov Oblast Flag.gif Kirov COA.gif Volga Volga-Vyatka 120,800 1,503,529
44 Kostroma Oblast Kostroma Flag of kostroma oblast.gif Coat of arms of Kostroma oblast.gif Central Central 60,100 736,641
45 Kurgan Oblast Kurgan Flag of Kurgan Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Kurgan oblast.png Urals Urals 71,000 1,019,532
46 Kursk Oblast Kursk Flag of Kursk Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Kursk oblast.png Central Central Black Earth 29,800 1,235,091
47 Leningrad Oblast Largest city: Gatchina[a] Flag of Leningrad Oblast.svg Coat of arms of Leningrad Oblast.svg Northwestern Northwestern 84,500 1,669,205
48 Lipetsk Oblast Lipetsk Flag of Lipetsk Oblast.gif Coat of Arms of Lipetsk oblast.png Central Central Black Earth 24,100 1,213,499
49 Magadan Oblast Magadan Flag of Magadan Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Magadan oblast.png Far Eastern Far Eastern 461,400 182,726
50 Moscow Oblast Largest city: Balashikha[b] Flag of Moscow Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Moscow oblast.png Central Central 45,900 6,618,538
51 Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Flag of Murmansk Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Murmansk oblast (2004).png Northwestern Northern 144,900 892,534
52 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Nizhny Novgorod Flag of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg Coat of Arms of Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast.png Volga Volga-Vyatka 76,900 3,524,028
53 Novgorod Oblast Veliky Novgorod Flag of Novgorod oblast.png Novgorodi oblasti vapp.gif Northwestern Northwestern 55,300 694,355
54 Novosibirsk Oblast Novosibirsk Flag of Novosibirsk Oblast.gif Coat of arms of Novosibirsk Oblast.gif Siberian West Siberian 178,200 2,692,251
55 Omsk Oblast Omsk Flag of Omsk Oblast.svg Coat of arms of Omsk Oblast.png Siberian West Siberian 139,700 2,079,220
56 Orenburg Oblast Orenburg Flag of Orenburg Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Orenburg oblast.png Volga Urals 124,000 2,179,551
57 Oryol Oblast Oryol Flag of Oryol Oblast.png Coat of arms of Oryol Oblast.gif Central Central 24,700 860,262
58 Penza Oblast Penza Flag of Penza Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Penza oblast.png Volga Volga 43,200 1,452,941
60 Pskov Oblast Pskov Flag of None.svg Coat of Arms of Pskov oblast.png Northwestern Northwestern 55,300 760,810
61 Rostov Oblast Rostov-on-Don Flag of Rostov Oblast.svg Rostov oblast coa.png Southern North Caucasus 100,800 4,404,013
62 Ryazan Oblast Ryazan Flag of Ryazan Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Ryazan oblast.png Central Central 39,600 1,227,910
63 Samara Oblast Samara Flag of Samara Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Samara oblast.png Volga Volga 53,600 3,239,737
64 Saratov Oblast Saratov Flag of Saratov Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Saratov oblast.png Volga Volga 100,200 2,668,310
65 Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Flag of Sakhalin Oblast.svg Sakhalin Oblast Coat of Arms.png Far Eastern Far Eastern 87,100 546,695
66 Sverdlovsk Oblast Yekaterinburg Flag of Sverdlovsk Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Sverdlovsk oblast.svg Urals Urals 194,800 4,486,214
67 Smolensk Oblast Smolensk Flag of Smolensk Oblast.png Coat of arms of Smolenskaya Oblast.png Central Central 49,800 1,049,574
68 Tambov Oblast Tambov Flag of Tambov Oblast.svg Coat of arms of Tambovskaya Oblast.png Central Central Black Earth 34,300 1,178,443
69 Tver Oblast Tver Flag of Tver Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Tver oblast.png Central Central 84,100 1,471,459
70 Tomsk Oblast Tomsk TomskOblastFlag.png Coat of arms of Tomsk Oblast.png Siberian West Siberian 316,900 1,046,039
71 Tula Oblast Tula Flag of Tula Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Tula oblast.png Central Central 25,700 1,675,758
72 Tyumen Oblast Tyumen Flag of Tyumen Oblast.svg Coat of arms of Tyumen Oblast.svg Urals West Siberian 1,435,200 3,264,841
73 Ulyanovsk Oblast Ulyanovsk Flag of Ulyanovsk Oblast.png Coat of Arms of Ulyanovsk Oblast.png Volga Volga 37,300 1,382,811
74 Chelyabinsk Oblast Chelyabinsk Flag of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg Coat of arms of Chelyabinsk Oblast.svg Urals Urals 87,900 3,603,339
76 Yaroslavl Oblast Yaroslavl Flag of Yaroslavl Oblast.png Coat of arms of Yaroslavl Oblast.png Central Central 36,400 1,367,398
77 Moscow Flag of Moscow (Russia).png Coat of Arms of Moscow.png Central Central 1,100 10,382,754
78 Saint Petersburg Flag of St Petersburg (Russia).png Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).png Northwestern Northwestern 1,439 4,662,547
79 Jewish Autonomous Oblast Birobidzhan Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg Coat of Arms of Jewish AO.png Far Eastern Far Eastern 36,000 190,915
83 Nenets Autonomous Okrug Naryan-Mar Flag of Nenets Autonomous District.svg Coat of Arms of Nenetsia.png Northwestern Northern 176,700 41,546
86 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk
(Largest city: Surgut)
Flag of Yugra.svg Coat of Arms of Yugra.png Urals West Siberian 523,100 1,432,817
87 Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Anadyr Flag of Chukotka.svg Coat of Arms of Chukotka.png Far Eastern Far Eastern 737,700 53,824
89 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Salekhard
(Largest city: Novy Urengoy)
Flag of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.svg Coat of Arms of Yamal Nenetsia.png Urals West Siberian 750,300 507,006

Oblasts

There are 46 oblasts (Russian: область; "provinces").

Oblasts of Russia.png

1. Amur
2. Arkhangelsk
3. Astrakhan
4. Belgorod
5. Bryansk
6. Chelyabinsk
7. Chita
8. Irkutsk
9. Ivanovo
10. Kaliningrad
11. Kaluga
12. Kemerovo
13. Kirov
14. Kostroma
15. Kurgan
16. Kursk

17. Leningrad
18. Lipetsk
19. Magadan
20. Moscow
21. Murmansk
22. Nizhny Novgorod
23. Novgorod
24. Novosibirsk
25. Omsk
26. Orenburg
27. Oryol
28. Penza
29. Pskov
30. Rostov
31. Ryazan
32. Sakhalin

33. Samara
34. Saratov
35. Smolensk
36. Sverdlovsk
37. Tambov
38. Tomsk
39. Tver
40. Tula
41. Tyumen
42. Ulyanovsk
43. Vladimir
44. Volgograd
45. Vologda
46. Voronezh
47. Yaroslavl

Krais

There are 9 krais (Russian: край; territories).

Krais of Russia.png
  1. Altai Krai
  2. Kamchatka Krai
  3. Khabarovsk Krai
  4. Krasnodar Krai
  5. Krasnoyarsk Krai
  6. Perm Krai
  7. Primorsky Krai
  8. Stavropol Krai
  9. Zabaykalsky Krai

Federal cities

There are 2 federal cities: Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Federal cities of Russia.png


Map # Code ISO Code Name Flag Coat of arms Federal district Economic region Area (km²)[4] Population[5]
1 77 MOW Moscow Flag of Moscow.svg Coat of Arms of Moscow.svg Central Central 1,100 10,382,754
2 78 SPE Saint Petersburg Flag of Saint Petersburg Russia.svg Coat of Arms of Saint Petersburg (2003).svg Northwestern Northwestern 1,439 4,662,547

Autonomous oblast

There is one autonomous oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.

Autonomous oblast of Russia.png

Mergers

Federal subjects of Russia

Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. The merging process was finished on March 1, 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008.

Original territories Date of referendum Date of merger Merger
1, 1a December 7, 2003 December 1, 2005 Perm Oblast (1) + Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (1a) → Perm Krai
2, 2a, 2b April 17, 2005 January 1, 2007 Krasnoyarsk Krai (2) + Evenk Autonomous Okrug (2a) + Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (2b) → Krasnoyarsk Krai
3, 3a October 23, 2005 July 1, 2007 Kamchatka Oblast (3) + Koryak Autonomous Okrug (3a) → Kamchatka Krai
4, 4a April 16, 2006 January 1, 2008 Irkutsk Oblast (4) + Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (4a) → Irkutsk Oblast
5, 5a March 11, 2007 March 1, 2008 Chita Oblast (5) + Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (5a) → Zabaykalsky Krai

Further proposals for mergers

The following merger proposals have been made in recent years; most have since become inactive.

Proposals Federal subjects Map
6, 6a Arkhangelsk Oblast + Nenets Autonomous Okrug = Pomorsky Krai Map of Russia - Arkhangelsk Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2008-03).svg
7, 7a, 7b Khabarovsk Krai + Jewish Autonomous Oblast + Amur Oblast = Amur Krai Map of Russia - Khabarovsk Krai (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Jewish Autonomous Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Amur Oblast (2008-03).svg
8, 8a Magadan Oblast + Chukotka Autonomous Okrug = Magadan Krai Map of Russia - Magadan Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (2008-03).svg
9, 9a, 9b Irkutsk Oblast + Buryat Republic + Zabaykalsky Krai = Baykalsky Krai Map of Russia - Irkutsk Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Buryat Republic (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Zabaykalsky Krai (2008-03).svg
10, 10a, 10b Tyumen Oblast + Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug + Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug = Tyumen Krai Map of Russia - Tyumen Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2008-03).svg
11, 11a, 11b Novosibirsk Oblast + Omsk Oblast + Tomsk Oblast = Novosibirsk Krai Map of Russia - Novosibirsk Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Omsk Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Tomsk Oblast (2008-03).svg
12, 12a, 12b Kemerovo Oblast + Altai Republic + Altai Krai = Altai Krai Map of Russia - Kemerovo Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Altai Republic (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Altai Krai (2008-03).svg
13 St. Petersburg + Leningrad Oblast = Leningrad Oblast Map of Russia - St. Petersburg (federal city) (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Leningrad Oblast (2008-03).svg
14 Moscow + Moscow Oblast = Moscow Oblast Map of Russia - Moscow (federal city) (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Moscow Oblast (2008-03).svg
15, 15a Yaroslavl Oblast + Kostroma Oblast = Yaroslavl Krai Map of Russia - Yaroslavl Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Kostroma Oblast (2008-03).svg
16, 16a Novgorod Oblast + Pskov Oblast = Novgorod Krai Map of Russia - Novgorod Oblast (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Pskov Oblast (2008-03).svg
17, 17a Krasnodar Krai + Republic of Adygea = Krasnodar Krai Map of Russia - Krasnodar Krai (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Republic of Adygea (2008-03).svg
18, 18a Republic of Ingushetia + Chechen Republic = Checheno-Ingushetia Map of Russia - Republic of Ingushetia (2008-03).svg Map of Russia - Chechen Republic (2008-03).svg

See also

References

  1. ^ Constitution, Article 65
  2. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_03.xls. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  3. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-23. 
  4. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  5. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_1.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-23. 

Sources

  • 12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date).


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